Chemistry of Cancer

Molly HubnerPeriod 1Extra Credit Paper Chemistry of Cancer Cancerous cells develop when conditions for cells are favorable, therefore following the divisions to continually occur, never stopping. When this happens, a tissue mass of cells called a tumor is formed and does not respond to normal controls regarding cell growth. Cancer cells have the following characteristics: profound changes in the plasma and membrane cytoplasm, abnormal growth and division weakened capacity for adhesion, and lethality. The membrane permeability is intensified and some proteins may be altered or added. Enzyme activities may also change and the cytoskeleton shrinks, causing a chaotic atmosphere. Controls are lost and cell populations will dramatically increase. New proteins cause abnormal increases in small blood vessels. Due to the high numbers, the cells can no longer attach itself to the parent tissue. Unless the cancerous cells are removed, they will kill the individual. Cancer is the number one killer in America today. We can say the known causes of cancer are radiation, sunlight, pollution, cigarette smoking and improper diets. I will explain the major causes of cancer, but before I proceed let me define the term â€Å"cancer. To be defined cancer is an abnormal, uncontrolled growth of cells that can spread beyond their natural boundaries to other parts of the body. Cancers can develop in numerous parts of the body. At first oncogene, genes with highly specialized functions were said to be the † cancer genes â€Å". This of course was wrong as oncogene promote normal c ell division and growth as well as the repair and replacement of damaged cells. Cancer starts when one out of as many as one trillion cells goes awry. When first damaged the cell loses its external controls and then the internal controls defect. From this it tries to develop a new set of internal controls by multiplying at a rapid pace which spreads colonies throughout the body. Cancer has been said to have two steps: mutation and promotion. During mutation the cell has been hit and permanently damaged; the cell is primed and ready to be molded known as a cancer cellPromotion is the cell division of the cancerous cell which then loses its controls- it then compensates itself by becoming an autonomous body Cancer can take 10 – 15 years to become fully developed, this depending on the cause or the ggressiveness of the tumor. Mature cells tend to progress slower. Metastases is the final stage when cancer is spread through the body by blood vessels or lymphatic channels. Single metastases can be cured usually by surgery or radiotherapy and multiple metastases is cured by chemotherapy . Metastases follows a path- from the primary tumor to a specific organ or organs. Lung Cancer is a disease marked by uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells. The abnormal cells may no longer do the work of normal cells and in turn crowd out and destroy the healthy tissue. Most of the victims of cancer die from lung cancer. Many of these cases could have been avoided because it most often occurs in people over the age of 50 with a history of smoking. There are different types of lung cancer involving different parts of the lungs. They have different symptoms and are all treated differently. If the cancer is located in one of the bronchi it can irritate the lining of the bronchus and cause a chronic cough. Otherwise known as â€Å"smokers cough†. In serious conditions of this cough some might actually cough up blood. If the cancer spreads it may fill up the bronchus so air cannot easily pass in or out. Repeated lung infections and pneumonia are common with this condition. The leading cause of lung cancer is smoking. Cigarette smoke contains more than 4,000 different chemicals, many of which are carcinogens (may cause cancer). The three of the most damaging toxins are nicotine, tars, and carbon monoxide. Second-hand smoke inhaled by both smokers and nonsmokers is another important cause of lung cancer. Smoking is responsible for 90% of lung cancer deaths among men, 79% among women. Also smoking accounts for about 30% of all cancer deaths. Smokers that inhale two or more packs of cigarettes a day, have a cancer mortality rate 12-25 times greater than a nonsmokers. It has been estimated that if all the smokers in America stopped smoking, lung cancer would be virtually gone. The best known carcinogen is asbestos. Others include nickel, chromate, and vinyl chloride. Risk of lung cancer is greatly increased when combined with smoking. It is obvious that cigarette smoking is the single most powerful cause of lung cancer. The increase in risk has been observed not only in men, but more recently in women, for smoking has come engage in activities formerly considered the domain of men. Depending upon the number of cigarettes smoked, and the number of cigarettes smoked each day can increase the risk of lung cancer. It is clear that there is a definite and direct dose-response relationship between the smoking dose and the development of cancer. I believe that if someone smokes even a pack of cigarettes a day it will increase the risk of getting cancer. Radon is the second leading cause of lung cancer. It is a radioactive gas found in the earth's rocks and soil, formed by the natural breakdown of radium. Excessive exposure of radon in the home may increase the risk of lung cancer especially in smokers. If the radon levels are found to be to high, remedial actions should be taken. Another cause of cancer is on the job exposure to carcinogens . You can't see radon. And you can't smell or taste it, but it may very well be a problem in your home. It is estimated to cause many thousands of deaths each year. Radon is a cancer-causing, radioactive gas, and when you breathe air containing the gas, you can get lung cancer. In fact, radon has now been declared the second leading cause of lung cancer in the United States today. Only smoking causes more lung cancer deaths. If you smoke and your home has high radon levels, your risk of lung cancer is especially high. Radon can be found all over the United States. It comes from the natural breakdown of uranium in soil, rock and water and gets in to the air you breathe. Radon can get into any type of building, homes, offices, and schools and build up to high levels. But you and your family are most likely to get your greatest exposure in your home because that is where you spend most of your time. In recent years Cancer is disease that has seemed to scared and infected Americans. Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the U. S. with more than 1 million new cases occurring a year. With each day scientific findings give a better understanding of the causes of the disease. These findings have opened doors to help treat cancer patients more effectively. Scientists have gained a more specific knowledge of individual cancers and now through the wonders of science have found effective treatments for the disease. To treat Cancer doctors and scientist need an understanding of what the disease actually physically does. Cancer is defined as â€Å"new growth of tissue resulting from a continuing proliferation of abnormal cells that have the ability to invade and destroy other tissues. † Cancer is not restricted to what type of cell and tissue it may emerge from. Therefore, they describe the disease as a large number of diseases as opposed to just on single disease. Because Cancer involves cells that can easily enter the bloodstream the disease has the ability to spread quickly through the body making it an even more dangerous disease and harder to stop. The idea behind surgery for treatment of cancer patients is to remove all malignant cells and tumors. With new, more precise, surgical advances, far less tissue is required to be removed thus resulting in a quicker recovery and less chance for serious disability. Surgery is most effective if done in the early stages of Cancer, although it is effective in more developed stages in relieving symptoms. Surgery is also used to make other forms of treatment, such as radiation, more effective. With the reduction of the tumor through surgery radiation treatment may effectively eliminate the tumor. Radiation treatment of cancer uses gamma rays attack Cancer causing tissue. Since tumors are more sensitive to radiation than normal tissue radiation can effectively eliminate or reduce harmful tissues that surgery can otherwise not remove. Since normal tissues are not as easily harmed by radiation, the negative effects on healthy tissue are not as severe. If the tumor is reduced through radiation, it may become possible for a doctor to eliminate the tumor through surgery. Radiation can also sterilize tumors thus preventing or slowing the spread of the Cancer through the body. This can also help doctors remove the tumor more easily through surgery, and provides a much less involved, painful surgery. The combination of radiation and surgery, if effective, can offer a cure with fewer negative side effects to the patient. The final traditional means of treating cancer is Chemotherapy. This form of treatment involves the use of drugs. Chemotherapy is used when Cancer has grown throughout the body and is no longer accessible through radiation or surgery. Although after chemotherapy, surgery is often used to eliminate remaining Caceres tissue. In this treatment drugs are administered and pass through the blood stream effecting Cancer tissue and healthy tissue. Since the drugs affect healthy tissue the patient will become sick from the treatment but because healthy cells divide faster than malignant cells the patient is able to recuperate. Chemotherapy, like all Cancer treatments, is most effective when administered early the early stages of the disease. It is also important that the treatment is consistent and administered frequently in order to achieve the most successful results. Cancer is one of the most leading causes of death in women, children and the elderly in the United States of America. Cancer is the number one killer in America today. We can say the known causes of cancer are radiation, sunlight, pollution, cigarette smoking and improper diets. Until this day we can say the causes of cancer are many and definitely complex, while the development of most cancers still remain unexplained. Bibliography Avendano, Carmen, and J. Carlos Mendes. Medicinal Chemistry of Anti- Cancer Drugs† ElSever: Hardbook. April 2008 Kotasek, Dusan, and Peter Pannall. Cancer and Clinical Biochemistry. UK:ACB. Venture Publications, 1997

John Donne- A Valediction Forbidding Mourning, Pseudo-Marty essays

John Donne- A Valediction Forbidding Mourning, Pseudo-Marty essays John Donne is known today as being the chief writer of verse known as metaphysical poetry, which features elaborate conceits and surprising symbols, wrapped up in original, challenging language structures. John Donne was born to a Roman Catholic family in 1572 on Bread Street in London. Although he was born to a well-known Catholic family, he later converted to Anglicanism during the 1590s. His father died when he was only four and left him and his other two siblings to be raised by their mother. Donne learned his first years of education form Jesuits, but at the age of 11, he entered the University of Oxford. He only studied there for three years before transferring to the University of Cambridge, where he spent the next three years studying. However, he did not receive a degree from either of these universities because he could not take the Oath of Supremacy required to graduate. He began to question his faith when his brother gave shelter to a proscribed Catholic priest and was a rrested. His brother died in prison due to a fever in 1593. Soon after, he began his first writings and first book of poems, Satires, which is considered one of his most important literary works. By 1598, his career in law was becoming successful, however, in 1601, he secretly married seventeen-year-old Anne More, and thus destroyed his flourishing career. For the next twelve years, he struggled to support his growing family. He made a meager living as a lawyer, but received some assistance from friends and family to make ends meet. Donne continued to write and as he approached forty, he published two anti-Catholic polemics Pseudo-Martyr and Ignatius His Conclave. In 1615, Donne unwillingly joined the ministry and later that year was appointed Royal Chaplain. 160 of his sermons survive in completion today. Anne Donne died just two years later after she gave birth to the couples twelfth child, a stillborn. Only 7 of their children actually outlived ...

Free Essays on Education Or Certification

EDUCATION OR CERTIFICATION? Hands-on experience. Without it, your chances for obtaining any worthwhile technology position are bound to be rather slim, even with a degree! For decades Universities have been the default location for higher learning. At the same time, the increasing demand and use of technology has created a need for the specialized training and courses that aren’t found at traditional universities, but through certification or technical schools. College does a great job of exposing you to different aspects of the Information Technology (IT) field, but no real specialized instruction. On the other hand, certification focuses on specific skills but doesn’t leave much room for a variety of career choices due to a limited knowledge base. The purpose of colleges of technology (certification schools) is to conduct in-depth learning in specialized disciplines and to develop student's abilities necessary for employment. Colleges of technology, unlike universities or junior colleges, admit the graduates of lower secondary schools. The purpose of universities, as the centers of advanced learning, is to provide students with wide-ranging knowledge and to conduct in-depth teaching and research in specialized academic disciplines. The term of study is usually four years. Upon completion, graduates are awarded a bachelors degree. Due to the effects of the economy and the expanding IT field, many companies are demanding a little more than just a degree. So which better prepares students for the world of work; Universities or Tech Schools? To answer that question we first need to know what information technology is composed of. Information Technology is the field of careers that deals with the accumulation, storage, management, and retrieval of data. Beyond that, it also involves the development of the hardware and software that handle this massive data accumulation and storage. As you see, it can be subdivided into... Free Essays on Education Or Certification Free Essays on Education Or Certification EDUCATION OR CERTIFICATION? Hands-on experience. Without it, your chances for obtaining any worthwhile technology position are bound to be rather slim, even with a degree! For decades Universities have been the default location for higher learning. At the same time, the increasing demand and use of technology has created a need for the specialized training and courses that aren’t found at traditional universities, but through certification or technical schools. College does a great job of exposing you to different aspects of the Information Technology (IT) field, but no real specialized instruction. On the other hand, certification focuses on specific skills but doesn’t leave much room for a variety of career choices due to a limited knowledge base. The purpose of colleges of technology (certification schools) is to conduct in-depth learning in specialized disciplines and to develop student's abilities necessary for employment. Colleges of technology, unlike universities or junior colleges, admit the graduates of lower secondary schools. The purpose of universities, as the centers of advanced learning, is to provide students with wide-ranging knowledge and to conduct in-depth teaching and research in specialized academic disciplines. The term of study is usually four years. Upon completion, graduates are awarded a bachelors degree. Due to the effects of the economy and the expanding IT field, many companies are demanding a little more than just a degree. So which better prepares students for the world of work; Universities or Tech Schools? To answer that question we first need to know what information technology is composed of. Information Technology is the field of careers that deals with the accumulation, storage, management, and retrieval of data. Beyond that, it also involves the development of the hardware and software that handle this massive data accumulation and storage. As you see, it can be subdivided into...

How to Land an Executive Position With Expert Wendy Enelow

How to Land an Executive Position With Expert Wendy Enelow Wendy Enelow is an expert on finding, and keeping, a job. Whether shes showing us how to get the perfect resume at Resume Writing Academy or leading thinkers on the cutting edge of recruiting and hiring at Career Thought Leaders, you wont find anyone whos more focused on careers. Wendy talked with us about finding an executive role in the modern day.When someone is looking to step into an executive role, whats the first thing they should do?Determine whether or not they have the requisite skills, qualifications and credentials for the positions they are targeting. If not, they should determine the best place to acquire those skills either through employment or an educational program. No need to apply if youre not yet qualified. Equally important is finding an executive mentor or sponsor who can work with you to promote your candidacy to the company and/or position that youre targeting.How does finding an executive role differ from finding another job?Savvy executives who are seeking new opportunities should engage in high-level job search activities, including online networking, in-person networking, blogging, target company outreach, recruiter outreach and direct mail/email. They might also respond to specific online job postings, although that should not be the crux of their search campaign, as its the least effective way to find a new position. Most other job seekers should engage in as many of these activities as are relevant to their career objectives. Perhaps the most significant difference is that executive job searches generally take longer since there are less positions available, the competition can be fierce and the hiring process itself takes a great deal of time.If an employer needs to fill an executive position, where should they start looking?Some employers will reach out to executive recruiters to handle the task of recruiting new management and leadership. Although the price tag is high, recruiters will find the candidates of choice and presen t them to the company. Alternative strategies, which can be just as effective and much less costly, include using LinkedIn to identify and connect with qualified candidates, searching groups of interest to the companys industry or profession to find group members with the qualifications the hiring company is seeking, creating a Facebook page and Twitter account to attract quality candidates to the company, and networking with company personnel, suppliers, business partners and others who know the people that they may want to hire.How important is the resume to finding an executive position, and why?The resume is any professionals calling card, giving enough important information and sharing the right achievements and success stories to entice the hiring company to invite the candidate for an interview. Just as important in todays world of online job search is the LinkedIn profile. In fact, LinkedIn can be more important when a company is doing their initial sourcing; then, the resum e comes into play after the candidate has been identified on LinkedIn, which is the primary social media platform for executives.What do you wish everyone knew about writing a resume?The most important thing to know about resume writing is that youre writing to the futureto the position and industry that youre targeting. Resumes are NOT autobiographical essays of everything youve done throughout your entire career. Rather, theyre career marketing communications designed to sell your distinctive qualifications, experiences, achievements, educational credentials and more. Resumes are the appetizers; candidates are the main course (once they get an interview)!What trends in executive hiring should we be watching for in the future?Perhaps the greatest trend will be in the specificity of expertise. Companies want to hire executives with very specific expertise in their industry, product or technology executives who can solve problems and overcome challenges, executives who can optimize opportunities and deliver results by leveraging what theyve already accomplished and who they know. And companies want virtually immediate results. They dont want the plan that will turnaround the business in two years; they want the turnaround now.

Policy Paper(Financial Aid and Affordability of Higher Education) Research Paper

Policy (Financial Aid and Affordability of Higher Education) - Research Paper Example Million students around the world who have desire to learn and gain higher education leave their dreams because of the factor of affordability. As at times they have to face a situation where they have no option but to quit studies because their financial standings does not allow them to pursue their degrees, however in order to ameliorate and come out from this catastrophic situations some students rely on loan and grants that are available for them in the shape of public, private and other sectors. Meanwhile the main reasons behind this affordability issue is because of continuous inflation in tuition fees, and also the poor economic conditions of the country which one way or other is directly or indirectly responsible for increasing the cost of running for institutions. As a consequence families, students, taxpayers, lawmakers (and institutions itself) all are affected. Since many American understands the value of degree (higher education) and the possible fruits and outcomes that are likely to come if one is successful in attaining or achieving the degree, or in other words they have clear understandings that higher education is prerequisite for employment these days and is necessary in so many different regards (AASCU, 2011). However in pursuing the degree often students at times have to face a situation where they have to leave or quit a degree because of affordability, some go for financial aid in order to come out from this situation as they believe this is a solution, while others are lost in translation and this financial aid systems and procedures turns out to be a nightmare for them. Moreover Heller & Marin (2002) highlighted very important phenomenon in this regard, they believe that since financial aid is awarded considering merit, competence and ability rather than considering need therefore, majority of students who are not very much blessed with extra ordinary talent or they have some lacking in terms of potential are persistently avoided. As a result their dreams and desires of going into a college is completely wiped off because they cannot afford tuition fees and are not able to acquire financial aid because of merit (Heller & Marin, 2002). Meanwhile this paper is an attempt to explore and highlight the issues and concerns related to affordability factor in order to achieve higher education, furthermore possible remedies and solutions will also be engrave in this paper pertaining the context of ambiance of higher education. Moreover American Association of States Colleges and Universities (AASCU) public policy agenda will also be explored in this paper as this has mainly to deal with ensuring the goals of higher education are met in perpetuity. Similarly role of Federal government and AASCU in terms of ensuring higher education considering the affordability factor will also be scrutinized and the role of Ohio State (Ohio Board of Regents) in making ways and successfully achieving goals and initiating new plans in this regard will also be the part of this paper. HISTORY: Initially higher education institutions in the United States were only focusing on providing services to elites and to those who were willing to join the Christian religious groups (clergy) (Thelin, 2004). However this perception of people has undergone a change because of the continuous evolution in purpose of higher educat

Office rotation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Office rotation - Essay Example The explorer instruments were used to check around the tissue, the scalar instruments cleaned the subgingival tissues, both posterior and anterior, and the universal instrument cleaned subgingival tissue as well. Then, the hygienist finished with a slow speed polish of all the teeth. The patient was satisfied with the process; because they found their teeth feeling smoother and fresher as compared to prior to the examination. Next, I observed the second hygienist. During this process I noticed she used a different order from what I learned from school. At first, she explored the teeth with the explorer instrument for any issues. Then, she polished all the plaque off from the teeth. At the time, I thought she was finished with the patient; after polishing these teeth. However, she went back, scaled each tooth, and polished again. Polishing first is a useful technique. This is due to the fact that a patient with a lot of plaque can necessarily benefit from the added attention to detail . This experience will be useful for me to improve my understanding of how the dental office operates. The hygienists were very helpful and explained the operations in the office. In addition, I was able to take the time to interact with the patient and assist if needed. Yet, it must be understood that each and every dental hygienist, and each and every dentist’s office for that matter, operates in a different and unique way. As such, I feel that I am more enthusiastic to adapt to the way I which dental offices will approach the patient and utilize new skills and new techniques. I did not have any negative experiences to add; as I was lucky to have a wonderful office to observe on this

Childhood memory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Childhood memory - Essay Example The intricacies of a busy family life then was the culprit for my entering school almost two months after the official opening of classes. I gathered, they just forgot. I can still remember the fear I have inside with my heart throbbing ferociously. There I was in my crisp new uniform with a heavy bag loaded with books sheepishly creeping in the classroom accompanied by my mother. Her warm hands clasp my cold sweaty palms. There she was, the teacher – Miss Cruz, (I could never forget her name) smiling and beckoning me to her side. She briefly made a short, rather loud introduction in front of those staring, rather, glaring eyes attached to little children seated in their respective desks. I somehow wondered how in the world did I get an instant desk. And how come they all seem to know each other – whispering to each other (aloud) –when I could hardly recognize any of them? My mother started to bid me goodbye but I refused to get my sweaty hand’s grasp out of her warm palm. No, mommy! Don’t leave me here with these strangers all staring at me like I am some alien from another world – so I thought. With relentless reassurance from Miss Cruz (who started to take my hand off from my mother) and my mom who promised she would stay only outside the classroom where I can still see her and wait until classes are over – did I finally succumb. Anyway, they added, recess is almost near. What is the world does that mean? I wondered. After being seated, a girl right beside my desk, in braids and spectacles, Rebecca, started to talk to me. She asked me what my name was and offered to assist me in the topic they were discussing when my entrance rudely interrupted them. She appeared friendly and her spectacles prevented me from seeing her stare. After that tragic, drastic, nerve-wrecking day, as a naà ¯ve girl of five, I started my academic journey of which until